Energy Efficient Conductors With Reduced Thermal Knee Points And The Method Of Manufacture Thereof

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to electrical conductors for electrical transmission and distribution with pre-stress conditioning of the strength member so that the conductive materials of aluminum, aluminum alloys, copper, copper alloys, or copper micro-alloys are mostly tension free or under compressive stress in the conductor, while the strength member is under tensile stress prior to conductor stringing, resulting in a lower thermal knee point in the conductor.

CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No.15/449,602 filed Mar. 3, 2017, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,304,586 which is adivisional of Ser. No. 14/863,396 filed on Sep. 23, 2015, now U.S. Pat.No. 9,633,766, which claims priority from U.S. Provisional ApplicationSer. No. 62/056,330 filed on Sep. 26, 2014 and from U.S. ProvisionalApplication Ser. No. 62/148,915 filed on Apr. 17, 2014, which are eachhereby incorporated herein by reference in their respective entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to electrical conductors for electricaltransmission and distribution with pre-stress conditioning. Inparticular, the present invention relates to electrical conductors withstrength members such as fiber reinforced composites. More specifically,the present invention relies upon pre-stress conditioning of thestrength member so that the conductive materials of aluminum, aluminumalloys, copper, copper alloys, or copper micro-alloys are mostly tensionfree or under compressive stress in the conductor, while the strengthmember is under tensile stress prior to conductor stringing, resultingin lower thermal knee point in the conductor.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Conventional electrical transmission conductors, e.g., ACSR (AluminumConductor Steel Reinforced), are broadly used in electrical transmissionand distribution networks. Newer conductors reinforced with compositesof lower thermal expansion than steel are adopted in electricaltransmission and distribution networks to increase capacity andefficiency while reducing cost and complying with electric gridrequirements (e.g., reliability and safety), due to their superior hightemperature low sag characteristics. These newer conductors use aluminum(fully annealed) or high temperature aluminum alloys, reinforced withstrength members such as metal matrix or polymer matrix composites. ACSSConductor (Aluminum Conductor Steel Supported) is another hightemperature conductor, and it uses annealed aluminum for hightemperature operation.

The thermal knee point is relevant in conductors made of differingmaterials (e.g., strength member vs. conductive member) and is definedas the temperature above which the conductive constituents in theconductor are no longer carrying tensile load or are in compression. Theconductive constituents in these conductors, such as aluminum, aluminumalloys, copper or copper alloys are typically under tensile stress afterconductor stringing, resulting in thermal knee point higher than themajority of operating temperatures. Until the conductor reaches aboveits thermal knee point, the conductor thermal expansion is substantiallycontrolled by conductive material such as aluminum or copper with highthermal expansion coefficient, resulting in large sag, limiting theconductor's current carrying capacity, as shown in FIG. 1. This isespecially significant for conductors in reconductoring applications orin long span applications where thermal sag often becomes the limitingfactor for increasing current carrying capacity in electric transmissionand distribution network.

Besides the constituent material's properties, conductor thermal kneepoint is also affected by the conductor's tension and its tensionhistory.

Gap conductor is a special high temperature conductor with low thermalsag by suppressing conductor thermal knee point. This was accomplishedby suppressing the thermal knee point in Gap conductor during specialconductor installation procedure. Gap conductor is made with steel wiresand high temperature aluminum alloys where a precisely controlled gapbetween the steel core (i.e., strength members) and the inner aluminumstrand layer is maintained and filled with high temperature grease tofacilitate relative motion between steel wires and the aluminum layersin conductor installation operation. Gap conductor must be installed bytensioning the steel wires (after stripping the aluminum layers toexpose the steel wires) between transmission deadend towers. Thistensioning process can be as long as 48 hours or more, and requiresspecial device and extra labor time from linemen as the linemen have torevisit the towers for final deadending after the tensioning process.When properly installed, the conductor does exhibit low thermal sag asits thermal knee point is at or close to the installation temperature,and the conductor thermal sag is only controlled by the thermalexpansion of steel wires (whose thermal expansion coefficient is abouthalf of that of aluminum). However, Gap conductors are typically veryexpensive. It is difficult to install, requiring special training andtools and significantly more labor time in the field. Furthermore, sincethe conductor strength member is taking virtually all the load and itretracts inside the Gap conductor's aluminum layers if the conductorbreaks, it is impossible to repair gap conductor in the field. Theentire conductor segment from deadend to deadend must be replaced andinstalled, resulting in costly delays in restoring electricaltransmission. The grease inside the gap conductor has being reported toleak out through the aluminum strands over time, staining objects underthe power lines as well as corona noise due to water beading onconductor surface as a result of the hydrophobic greasy surface. Thegrease in Gap conductor is also for protecting the steel wires fromcorrosion, and removal of the grease will result in compromisedcorrosion resistance of gap conductors.

Another approach in getting low conductor thermal knee point isdiscussed in Chinese patent CN102103896A¹, which mentioned a process ofstranding annealed aluminum on the periphery of the steel core wires,while the bearing steel core wires are subjected to pre-stresstreatment. The resulting conductor is claimed to be capable ofcontinuous operation at temperatures up to 150° C. The product, madefrom this patent, was introduced to a major Chinese transmission projectin 2013 for commercialization, where the conductor failed in fieldinstallation due to extensive birdcaging and uneven sag, and had to bereplaced with conventional conductors and further application wasprohibited by State Grid Corp of China. The patent did not discussthermal knee point, or disclose the extent of pre-stress level, thestress level in aluminum strands, or the exact process and setup forpre-stressing core wires. The annealed aluminum strand, which readilydeforms, likely bulged outwards when tensions in the steel core wireswere released from the high level during pre-stress. When the conductoris wrapped in the take-up reel as typically done during conductorstranding manufacturing, the overlaying of these pre-stressedmulti-strand conductors likely caused irreversible deformation of theannealed substantially loose/open aluminum strands in all the underlayers of conductors. These permanent deformation of aluminum strandswill cause not only conductor birdcaging, but also localized deformedaluminum strands to break and causing hot spots and conductor failureduring energized conductor operation. Similar approach forthermo-resistant aluminum alloy conductor were also attempted in 2002²,by JPS without much better commercial success. The severely loosealuminum alloys strands posed same challenges. The core in the conductormight be protected with a thin aluminum cladding in JPS approach forhigh temperature operation, however, the aluminum cladding on the coreis also subjected to extreme tension as high as 190 MPa during thepre-stretching process of the core while aluminum strands are stranded,making it vulnerable to vibration fatigue. The thin cladding is unableto sustain the tensioned core and minimize its shrinking inside theconductor that the ends of the conductor must be fixed before thetension in the core is released, forcing all the aluminum strands to bevery loose. The loose aluminum strands and the need to fix the conductorends make it difficult to handle the conductors in both manufacturingand field stringing.

High temperature conductors, such as INVAR³ and ACCR⁴ conductors, withtheir constituent materials capable of sustained operation at hightemperatures, use Al—Zr high temperature alloys. These conductorstypically have high thermal knee points, often approaching or above 100°C., well above their everyday operating conditions (see table 1).Pre-Tensioning of conductors in the field is rarely attempted.

Pre-tensioning of ACSS conductors are occasionally done. This isaccomplished when the ACSS conductors are already in and between towers,and a significant level of tension stress (e.g., a load equivalent to40% conductor rated tensile strength) is applied to the conductor forhours before deadending. Pre-tensioning of ACSS does reduce thermal kneepoint and improve thermal sag, however, the high stress required in ACSSin tensioning increases risk to the safe operation of the transmissiontowers, especially for older transmission towers in reconductoringapplication projects.

There have been greater acceptance for conductors with strengthmember(s) made of fiber reinforced polymeric matrix composites andstranded with annealed aluminum, such as ACCC by CTC Global⁵, C⁷ bySouth wire, Low Sag from Nexans⁶, and other similar types during thepast decade. These conductors are typically supported by carbon fiberreinforced composite as strength member(s), and an insulating layer(s)on top of carbon composite between carbon core and aluminum to preventgalvanic corrosion. The carbon composite core has one of the lowestthermal expansion coefficients, and these conductors are very low inthermal sag above thermal knee point, and can be operated totemperatures as high as 200° C., delivering significantly higherampacity than ACSR conductors (when needed such as N-1 emergencysituations). These conductors are strong and light weight, and thecomposite strength member(s) are resistant to corrosion associated withsteel types of strength members.

These composite core conductors, however, typically have thermal kneepoints of 70° C. or higher. Below this temperature, the conductorthermal elongation is dominated by the aluminum strands, exhibitingsubstantial thermal sag. Virtually all these conductors are used inreconductoring for capacity expansion to leverage existinginfrastructure and the existing right of way. It is uncommon for theseconductors to be pre-stressed on existing towers as the older towers maynot be capable of high level pre-tension required to substantiallysuppress conductor thermal knee point. These composite core(s) arevulnerable to fiber buckling failure from excessive axial compressivestress during installation, such as the case in sharp angle situationsassociated with mishandling. Conductors with smaller cores, with betterbend flexibility, are ironically more vulnerable as these conductors donot require much bend stress to fail when subjected to sharp angle (withthe aluminum strands in the stranded conductors, sliding to accommodatebending of the strength member), especially when tension on thecomposite strength member is absent. If the core suffers only partialdamage, the conductor failure could be delayed by months or years afterthe initial damage, posing serious threat to the safety and reliabilityof electricity transmission network.⁷ A composite core conductor, thatis robust against mishandling and whose strength member is undersubstantial pre-existing tension while the conductive constituents aresubstantially tension free, would be very desirable for safe handlingand installation and necessary for the safety and reliability of theelectric transmission and distribution network.

While the annealed aluminum in these conductors offers maximumelectrical conductivity, they readily deform under tensile stress. Theseconductors rely on the core for mechanical load, typically requiringspecial hardware fittings to secure the core(s). Hardware costs forprojects using such conductors sometimes are as high as 50% of totalproject cost, which is unacceptable, especially for cost sensitiveapplications such as lower voltage electrical distribution network.Expensive special fittings such as collet housing approach from CTCGlobal or aluminum sleeve approach inside the compression fitting fromAFL must be used with conductors with composite strength members.Furthermore, these conductors must follow precisely prescribed stringingtemperature and time duration, especially in bundled configurationsduring stringing, making the installation process prohibitivelyexpensive. If the tension and time history of the phase conductors aredifferent, there could be different thermal knee points for eachconductor and differential sagging among the bundled phase conductorsafter installation, causing flashing or even short circuits withchanging conductor temperatures. For example, in a 220 kv ACCCrecondcutoring project in china in 2011⁸, the field engineer reportedthat the sags of phase conductors (ACCC Drake) exhibited large variationdespite the same stringing tension of 18 KN. One conductor was clippedin on Mar. 30, 2011, and the conductor sag had significantly increasedby 0.69 m when observed on April 2^(nd) and by 0.77 meters on Apr. 3,2011. Two other phase conductors in the same circuit and at the samelocation were clipped a day later on Mar. 31, 2011 under identicalstringing tension of 18 KN, and the sags of each conductor were observedto increase by 0.9 m on April 2^(nd) and 1.175 m on April 3^(rd) for oneconductor, and by 0.78 m on April 2^(nd) and 0.86 m on April 3^(rd) forthe other conductor. Such changes in conductor sag are not onlysubstantial but also seemed random and unpredictable, a significantissue for field engineers and the electric utility. If these conductorsare already at low thermal knee point (and preferably without the needto pre-tensioning in the old towers in such a reconductoring project),one could install these conductors at ease to get target sag clearanceduring and after stringing without the sensitivity to installationpractice (e.g., variability in the stringing time, stringingtemperature, stringing tension among phase conductors).

Another challenge for conductors with carbon fiber polymeric compositecore and annealed aluminum is their high sag in heavy ice environments.To avoid excessive stringing tension load onto the towers whilemaintaining sag clearance, engineers sometimes adjust the conductor tofurther improve sag after the conductor was subjected to ice loads forthe first time where the conductor tension drops after ice load. Thisrequires extra time and expensive effort from linemen. If theseconductors are already at low thermal knee point without high degree ofpre-tension treatment in tower, one could install these conductors athigher clearance without increased tension to electrical tower, thusbetter able to handle sag from heavy ice loads. This procedure will beunnecessary if a pre-tension treated conductor is used.

In electric distribution network, where it operates at lower voltage,conductors are subjected to higher current density due to costconstraints. With increasing difficulty in securing right of way tobuild new electric transmission and distribution network, it is highlydesirable for high temperature conductors to be deployed fordistribution that can substantially increase capacity when needed inemergency, while delivering good energy efficiency. These are typicallysmaller conductors, and it is important to have a conductor systemsolution that is cost effective (in conductor, in fittings andinstallation) as well as easy to install, maintain and repair.

Accordingly, there remains a need for knee point suppressed conductorcapable of high temperature operation without the need for conductorpre-stressing at the electric towers that may compromise the towersafety. Furthermore, it is desirable to have a conductor solution usingcomposite strength member that is cost effective, easy to work with(installation consistency and free of birdcage, robust againstmishandling in the field, easy to repair and maintain, better energyefficiency, ultra-low sag, and compatibility with existing fitting). Thepresent invention solves these issues by providing a complete conductorsystem solution that is cost effective (conductor, installation, repairand hardware), high capacity and energy efficient, low sag under hightemperature and heavy ice, and virtually no sag change with temperaturevariations by ensuring the strength member(s) in the conductor is underpre-stressed condition while substantial amount of the conductive mediais under no tension or under compression without damaging the conductorintegrity (e.g., birdcaging) prior to conductor installation onto thetowers.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION

This section is a summary of the invention, and not meant to be acomplete disclosure of the invention in its entirety in terms of scopeand features.

Embodiments of the present invention are electrical conductors whosethermal knee points were substantially reduced, without pre-tensioningtreatment at electric towers.

More particularly, embodiments of the present invention rely uponpre-tensioning treatment and preservation of pre-tensioning of thestrength member(s) in an electrical conductor with aluminum, aluminumalloy, copper or copper alloy including micro alloy as conductive media,without relying on pre-stress conditioning of the conductor on theelectric transmission or distribution towers. Additionally, the strengthmembers are encapsulated with at least a layer of the above mentionedconductive materials.

The strength member(s) in the conductor can be single strand of ormulti-strands of steel, invar steel, high strength or extra high orultra high strength steel, high temperature steel, nonmetallic fiberreinforced metal matrix composite, carbon fiber reinforced composite ofeither thermoplastic or thermoset matrix, or composites reinforced withother types of fibers such as quartz, AR-Glass, E-Glass, S-Glass,H-Glass, silicon carbide, silicon nitride, alumina, basalt fibers,specially formulated silica fibers and a mixture of these fibers and thelike. The reinforcement in the composite strength member(s) can bediscontinuous such as whiskers or chopped fibers; or continuous fibersin substantially aligned configurations (e.g., parallel to axialdirection) or randomly dispersed (including helically wind or wovenconfigurations). The strength member(s) in the conductor can be amixture of the above mentioned differing varieties of strand types orfiber types.

A further embodiment of the present invention includes strengthmember(s) encapsulated with annealed aluminum (e.g., 1350-O), aluminum(e.g., 1350-H19), aluminum alloys (e.g., Al—Zr alloys, 6201-T81, -T82,-T83, etc.), copper, copper alloys (e.g., copper magnesium alloys,copper tin alloys, copper micro-alloys, etc.) through a conformingmachine or conforming unit for single layer conductive media or througha series of conforming machines for conductors of multiple layerconfiguration. The encapsulation process can be accomplished with asimilarly functional machine other than conforming machine, and beoptionally further drawn to achieve target characteristics (i.e.,desired geometry or stress state). The conforming machines or the likeallows quenching of the encapsulating conductive material. Theconforming machine can be integrated with stranding machine for strengthmembers, or with pultrusion machines used in making fiber reinforcedcomposite strength members, such as ACCC core from CTC Global, ACCR corefrom 3M, and Lo Sag Core from Nexans. Additional encapsulated conductivelayers may be added. In one characterization, copper layer maybe addedabove the aluminum encapsulating layer for train related applications.Additional conductive layers may be optionally stranded around thepre-tension treated strength member(s) encapsulated with conductivematerial, and preferably this is for the outer layer, and this ispreferably stranded with Z, C or S wires to keep the outer strands inplace. In one characterization, the strength member is multi strands ofhigh strength steel, the encapsulating layer is aluminum, and thestranded aluminum layer is aluminum round or Trapezoidal strands. Insome characterization, the strength member is carbon fiber reinforcedcomposite, and the encapsulating layer is aluminum, followed by anotherencapsulating layer of copper. In one characterization, the strengthmember is multiple strands of steel, and the encapsulating layer isaluminum, followed by Z shaped aluminum strands. In yet anothercharacterization, the strength member is multiple strands of carbonfiber or ceramic reinforced composite materials, and the immediateencapsulating layer is aluminum, and the outer strands are S shapedaluminum strands.

The encapsulating conductive material may reach up to 500° C. or highertemperatures during conforming, quenching of the conductive material(e.g., aluminum, aluminum alloy, copper or copper alloy, etc.)effectively limits exposure time of strength member (such as high tempsteel, composites of polymeric matrix) to such high temperatures topreserve the integrity and property of the strength members (s). Theadhesion and compaction of conductive material around the strengthmember(s) at ambient or sub ambient temperatures are important topreserve the effect of residual tensile stress in the strengthmember(s), otherwise, the higher CTE conductive material will exert acompressive stress onto the strength member of lower thermal expansioncoefficient, diminishing the effect of pre-tensioning onto the strengthmembers.

The strength member(s) are adequately tensioned while the encapsulatingconductive layer(s) of aluminum or copper or their respective alloys areapplied to encapsulate around the strength member(s) to form a cohesiveconductive hybrid rod that is spool-able onto a conductor reel. Tofacilitate conductor spooling onto a reel and conductor spring back atease, the conductor may be optionally configured to be non-round (e.g.,elliptical) such that the shorter axis (in conductor) is subjected tobending around a spool (or a sheaves wheel during conductor wireinstallation) to facilitate a smaller bend or spool radius, while thestrength members(s) are configured to have longer axis facilitate springback for installation. The overall conductor may be round with non-roundstrength member or multiple strength members arranged to be non round,and the spooling bending direction should be along the long axis of thestrength member to facilitate conductor spring back while not overlysubjecting conductive metal layer with additional compressive force fromspooling bending. To further facilitate spooling of the conductor, theconductive material may be split into multiple segments (e.g., 2, 3, 4etc.), and each segment is bonded to strength member while retainingcompressive stress, and the segments (similar to conductive strands inconventional conductor, except that they are bonded to the strengthmember) rotates one full rotation or more along the conductor length(equal to one full spool in a reel) to facilitate easy spooling. Theresulting conductive hybrid rod can be a conductor, directly used for DCapplications or AC applications where skin effect is negligible (i.e.,conducting layer thickness is less than the skin depth required at ACcircuit frequency), with the core under sufficient residual tensilestress, and the aluminum layers mostly free of tension or undercompressive stress. Optional insulating layer (e.g., as used indistribution insulated conductor) may be applied to make electricalcable from this invention.

Referring to FIGS. 7A-7E, the configuration of encapsulatedcore/conductors are shown. In FIG. 7A, the baseline option for a roundlooking conductor where the core is symmetrically and concentricallyplaced in the middle; FIG. 7B depicts an example of non-round conductor,where significant amount of conductive material such as aluminum, is notbeing forced to endure additional compression during spooling into areel; FIG. 7C depicts an example of another non-round conductor, wherethe stiffer core is purposely positioned toward the lower edge tominimize the amount of conductive material such aluminum beingcompressed when the conductor is spooled onto a reel; FIG. 7D depicts anexample of non-round conductor with a non-round strength member. Thisminimizes the maximum compressive stress onto the conductive materialright below the strength member position, and retains full stiffnessfrom the strength member (core) for ease of spring back duringinstallation; FIG. 7E depicts an example of a round conductor with anon-round strength member for maximum spring back as well as minimalamount of conducting material such as aluminum under additionalcompression due to spooling into a reel or bending against sheave wheelduring installation. Note that the conductive material in the conductormay be subjected to compression for knee point suppression, and duringspooling or installation, the bottom side will be subjected toadditional compression due to bending force. Variations of the aboveconfigurations may be made to accomplish the objective (e.g., preservingmaximum flexibility for bending in certain direction, while retainingsufficient flexural stiffness in certain direction for adequate springback. Furthermore, the encapsulating metal could optionally includeintentionally indented or machined or extruded groves that spiral alongthe conductor axis to facilitate wrapping of the conductor ontoreasonably sized reels or passing through small sheave wheels ininstallation.

For AC applications where skin effect is prominent, layers of conductivematerials can be encapsulated concentrically around the strengthmember(s), with each layer being of finite thickness to maximize skineffect for lowest AC resistance at minimal conductor content. For largeconductors with significant layers of conductive material, the outerlayer of conductor can be optionally stranded to facilitate conductorspooling around a reasonably sized spool and facilitate conductorstringing. The outer most layer can be TW, C, Z, S or round strands ifmore aluminum or copper are required, as it will not cause permanentbirdcaging problem (i.e., the inner layers of conductor media is notdeformed such that they prevent the outer layers of strands from properresettlement after tension is released or reduced). Accordingly, thesmooth outer surface and the compact configuration can effectivelyreduce the wind load and ice accumulation, resulting in less sag fromice or wind related weather events. For copper conductors in ACapplications, the additional copper layers or each copper strands mayneed a dielectric coating treatment for minimizing skin effect and ACelectrical resistance. The conducting layer(s) using the concept ofcopper cladded aluminum may be desirable as the cladding copper skinmaximizes the conductivity in AC circuit while the conductive layer isnot as heavy or as expensive as copper in conducting media. In oneparticular characterization, each encapsulating layer has a thickness ofat least 0.5 mm, such as at least about 2 mm, and even at least about 4mm. The cladding or encapsulating metal area is at least 50% of thecross sectional area of strength member(s), such as at least 100% of thecross sectional area of the strength member(s), or even at least 200% ofthe cross sectional area of the strength member(s).

It is recognized in the patent that additional pre-stress conditioningof the above mentioned conductors can be accomplished by subjecting theconformed conductors to the following paired tensioner approach ortrimming the pre-determined encapsulated core length before deadending,all accomplished without exerting the high tensile stress to the towerarms required to pre-tension conventional conductors in the electrictowers. For example, the conductors mentioned above are subjected topre-tensioning treatment using sets of bull wheels prior to the firstsheave wheel during stringing operation, without exerting additionalload to the electric towers. This can be simply done by two sets oftensioners, with the first set maintaining normal back tension to theconductor drum/reel, while the second set restoring the normal stringingtension to avoid excessive load to electric towers, especially those oldtowers in reconductoring projects. The conductor is subjected to thepre-tensioning stress between the 1^(st) and 2^(nd) tensioners,typically about 2× of the average conductor every day tensile load toensure that the pre-tensioning is driving its knee point below thenormal operating temperature so that aluminum strands are not in tensionfor optimal self-damping and the conductor is virtually not changing itssag with temperature. It should be noted that larger bull wheels in thetensioners and larger sheave wheels will help in managing the minorloosening in the outer layer aluminum strands. While it is possible toapply the methodology described here for factory based conductorpre-tensioning during stranding (optional final step), which might bewhat was practiced in the Chinese patent (undisclosed), it is possible,and maybe manageable, but not advisable for conductors of multi-layerstranding because such conductors in the reel may suffer significant andserious deformation and damage to aluminum strands, especially the innerlayer of strands, on the conductor reel, after pre-tensioning treatmentin the stranding line, resulting in significant birdcaging and conductorhandling issues (core restraining devices must also be applied to avoidthe core from retracting inside the conductor). The process describedhere is equally applicable to conventional ACSS, ACSR, ACCC, ACCR,Lo-Sag, C⁷, Invar conductor or like conductor types that are made ofdiffering materials between the conductive constituent and strengthmember(s) to effectively shift conductor thermal knee point withoutexerting high pre-tension stress to electric towers.

Alternatively, the above mentioned conductors can be subjected to normalstringing in the field, especially for conductors with a single strengthmember such as ACCC by CTC Global or Low-Sag by Nexans. Between deadendtowers, with one end of the conductor already attached to a deadendtower, one may attach an effective wedge clamp onto the strength member(e.g., the collet and collet housing assembly to the ACCC core, made byCTC Global) while relieving the conductor tension clamp, apply tensiononly to the strength member to stretch its length. As the conductivematerial such as layers of strands of aluminum or copper or their alloyslides back while the strength member(s) pulls out, a pre-determinedlength was cut out of the strength member, that is equivalent to theelongation in the strength member if subjected to a preset tensioningstress, then complete the deadending at the second deadend tower. Thecut length in the encapsulated strength member in this invention or thestrength member in regular conductor (i.e., other than the invention),may be varied depending on the degree of desired thermal knee pointsuppression. This method should be especially effective for spans withfew or no suspension towers between the deadend towers. To facilitatecore sliding, the conductor could be made with slightly more lubricantsbetween the core or encapsulated strength member (to be stretched andtrimmed) and the immediate slide-able layer of conducting material, orintentionally with a small gap between the two (sometimes calledkeystoning).

While the conductors described in the invention are mostly for hightemperature applications, these conductors can also be considered forgreen field new transmission projects where reduced thermal knee pointreduces thermal sag, increases line capacity. Pre-tensioning alsoeliminates tensile stress in the conductive material (aluminum or copperand their respective alloys), resulting in exceptional self-damping andthe possibility of higher erection tension that reduces conductortendency for galloping as well as fewer and shorter towers to lower theproject construction costs. Shorter towers are also environmentally moreappealing to the utility and the community it serves. The encapsulationlayer also functions in a similar function as the extra aluminum sleeverequired in the AFL fitting for conductors with composite strengthmembers, making it compatible with all conventional compression fittingswithout any additional pieces, tools or special training. In somecharacterization, the length of the steel tube in conventional hardwaremay be lengthened to accommodate the higher strength encapsulatedcomposite strength members, for example the clamping zone is increasedin length of at least about 1%, such as at least 2%, and even at least5%.

The invention can be applied to OPGW conductors, where the opticalfibers may be inside a hollow strength member made of fiber reinforcedcomposites or steel tube, and the conductive material is encapsulatedaround the pre-tensioned hollow strength member. Another embodiment ofthe invention is the distribution conductors where a pre-tensionedhollow composite core is encapsulated with aluminum or aluminum alloysor copper or copper alloys, and the hollow core is the conduit foroptical fibers. Yet another embodiment of the invention is the largediameter conductor made with hollow strength member that ispre-tensioned when encapsulated with aluminum or aluminum alloys forultra-high voltage applications where corona effect is minimized, andthe core can be filled with optical fibers or just hollow.

The present invention further enables robust handling of the conductorswith composite strength members encapsulated and protected, where theeffective diameter of the strength members is substantially increased tothat of the encapsulation layer outer diameter, minimizing thepossibility of extreme sharp angle to the inner strength member, andavoiding the occurrence of excessive axial compressive stress to thestrength members inside the encapsulation. The pre-tension substantiallypreserved in the strength member, especially when it is made with fiberreinforced unidirectional composite, uniquely offsets the compressivestress arising from conductor bending or sharp angles, minimizing oreven eliminating the dangerous risk of fiber compressive bucklingfailure in such composite core conductors. The encapsulated strengthmembers can be directly fitted with conventional fittings where crimpingand conventional low cost tools may be applied. With the surface beinground and hermetically sealed, there is significant improved corrosionresistance as the pollutants cannot easily lodge into the conductorstrands, and the composite strength members in these conductors areeffectively shielded and protected from oxygen or moisture ingression,UV or Ozone degradation (unlike the existing conductor configurations).Unlike the coating applied to steel strength members in some commercialconductors (aluminum clad steel or invar) where the conductive claddingsignificantly increases the thermal expansion coefficient of thestrength member and worsening sag performance, the encapsulating layeris of such sufficient thickness that it provides life time protectionfor the encapsulated member, including the galvanic corrosionprotection, which has been experienced in commercial conductors whenthin aluminum cladding layer was eroded from vibration in the conductor(e.g., aluminum strands against the thin aluminum cladding), and thegalvanic pair of aluminum and steel in the presence of electrolyte(e.g., water or conductive pollutants) accelerates the corrosion insidethe conductor, shortening conductor life. In one characterization, theconductor strength members, when also sealed at cut ends such asdeadending or conductor splicing, there is no risk for moisture orconductive salt ingressing into the strength member, galvanic corrosionbetween carbon fiber composite and aluminum or copper encapsulatinglayer may not be an issue because of absence of electrolyte at theinterface between strength member and encapsulating metal layer (whichis required for corrosion to take place), and the strength members suchas steel or carbon fiber composite may not require galvanic corrosionprotective layers. In carbon fiber composite strength member, there maynot be a need for insulation layer such as glass fiber composites orinsulating polymeric layer. In another characterization, the strengthmember made of mostly, if not all, with glass or glass types ofreinforcement fibers vulnerable to stress corrosion under tension load,can be deployed for long term conductor installation because of absenceof moisture ingress into the strength member. The encapsulating orcladding material is under no tension or is under compression, and itdoes not impact the effective thermal expansion coefficient of theencapsulated strength member(s), preserving the low sag characteristicsof the strength members from its lower thermal expansion coefficient.

From afore mentioned description, one may clearly further understand theapplication scope. It should be known that, one may practice theinvention from any single aspect, or a combination of one or more of thedifferent aspects. It should be further known that, the illustration andexamples are just meant to be illustration, not meant to be limiting thescope of the invention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

The present invention, in accordance with one or more variousembodiments, is described in detail with reference to the followingfigures. The drawings are provided for purposes of illustration only andmerely depict typical or example embodiments of the invention. Thesedrawings are provided to facilitate the reader's understanding of theinvention and shall not be considered limiting of the breadth, scope, orapplicability of the invention. It should be noted that for clarity andease of illustration these drawings are not necessarily made to scale.

Some of the figures included herein illustrate various embodiments ofthe invention from different viewing angles. Although the accompanyingdescriptive text may refer to such views as “top,” “bottom” or “side”views, such references are merely descriptive and do not imply orrequire that the invention be implemented or used in a particularspatial orientation unless explicitly stated otherwise.

FIG. 1 is a graph of the typical thermal knee points of various aluminumconductor types. It is noted that the sag increases rapidly withtemperature below the thermal knee point for each conductor type, as thealuminum material dictates the thermal expansion in the conductor belowthermal knee point. Above the thermal knee points, the conductor thermalexpansion is controlled by the strength members.

FIG. 2 is a graph of the reduction or suppression of thermal Knee pointand resulting sag improvement in ACCC, ACSS, ACSR and Invar type ofconductors, where the thermal knee points can be substantially below theambient temperature after pre-tensioning. Conductor made with carbonfiber composite core, such as ACCC, offers most potential in thermal sagimprovement across broad temperature range.

FIG. 3 is a diagram of the process of encapsulation of pre-tensionedstrength member(s) while maintaining normal tension outside thepre-tensioning stage.

FIG. 4 is a diagram of the process of the outer layer of the conductorbeing stranded (round, TW, C, S, Z or other configurations areacceptable) while the encapsulated strength member is highly tensionedduring the stranding operation to effectively suppress the conductorthermal knee points. It is important to note that reducing the tensionto normal level before conductor take-up reel is essential to minimizedistortion to conductor strands in the reel.

FIG. 5 is a diagram of conductor pre-tensioning in the field prior tothe 1st sheave wheel during installation. The high tension is maintainedbetween the 1st tensioner (on the left) and the 2nd tensioner (on theright). This approach is also be applicable to all conventionalconductor types, such as ACCC from CTC, Lo-SAG from Nexans, C7 fromSouthwire, ACSR, ACSS, INVAR.

FIGS. 6A-6N are depict some examples of the cross sections of conductorswith encapsulated strength members. FIG. 6A—Conductor with singlestrength member and single encapsulating layer; FIG. 6B—Conductor withplural strength members and a single encapsulating layer, and theencapsulating layer may have protruding surface feature(s) that is madeof similar or different encapsulating material, and functions to disruptvortex shedding in Aeolian vibration, eliminating Aeolian vibrationfatigue concerns in the novel conductors; FIG. 6C—Conductor with hollowcore (can be other hollow shapes) with encapsulating layer; FIGS. 6D &6E are conductors with shaped strength members to enhance adhesion andinterlocking between the strength members and the encapsulating layer,and the same locking feature is applied between the conductive layers.FIG. 6F—Conductor with strength member of locking features such asprotruded round or other shaped features as well as holed out sectionsto promote interlocking between strength member(s) and encapsulatinglayer. FIG. 6G—Conductor with special shape such as contact wire in highspeed rail, and the strength member can be oval or other shapes such asround. FIG. 6H—Conductor with multiple concentric layers of conductivematerials (same or different types). FIG. 6I—Conductor with a hollowstrength member where optical fiber or cables can be inserted inside thehollow strength member. FIG. 6J and FIG. 6K are conductors with outerlayer being stranded with C or TW strand configuration. Other strandconfigurations such as round, S and Z can also be applied. FIG.6L—Conductor with hollow strands to reduce weight and enlarge diameter,and such features can also be applied for the inner layers as well.

FIG. 6M—Conductor with multi-layer configuration with outer layerstranded TW.

FIG. 6N—Conductor with optical fiber embedded, and the location of theoptical fibers can be inside the strength member or the conductivelayers. Alternatively the optical fibers can be at the interface betweenthe layers, including the interface with strength member(s). Thesefibers can be used for distributed optical sensing for temperature,strain, and length to get precise information on sag, mechanical loadand current.

FIGS. 7A-7E depict the configuration of encapsulated core/conductors.

In FIG. 7A, the baseline option for a round looking conductor where thecore is symmetrically and concentrically placed in the middle; FIG. 7Bdepicts an example of non-round conductor, where significant amount ofconductive material such as aluminum, is not being forced to endureadditional compression during spooling into a reel; FIG. 7C depicts anexample of another non-round conductor, where the stiffer core ispurposely positioned toward the lower edge to minimize the amount ofconductive material such aluminum being compressed when the conductor isspooled onto a reel;

FIG. 7D depicts an example of non-round conductor with a non-roundstrength member. This minimizes the maximum compressive stress onto theconductive material right below the strength member position, andretains full stiffness from the strength member (core) for ease ofspring back during installation; FIG. 7E depicts an example of a roundconductor with a non-round strength member for maximum spring back aswell as minimal amount of conducting material such as aluminum underadditional compression due to spooling into a reel or bending againstsheave wheel during installation.

The figures are not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the inventionto the precise form disclosed. It should be understood that theinvention can be practiced with modification and alteration, and thatthe invention be limited only by the claims and the equivalents thereof.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The foregoing, as well as other objects of the present invention, willbe further apparent from the following detailed description of thepreferred embodiment of the invention, when taken together with theaccompanying drawings and the description which follows set forth thisinvention in its preferred embodiment. However, it is contemplated thatpersons generally familiar with power transmission cable or conductorwill be able to apply the novel characteristics of the structures orconfigurations illustrated and described herein in other contexts bymodification of certain details. Accordingly, the drawings anddescription are not to be taken as restrictive on the scope of thisinvention, but are to be understood as broad and general teachings.

The present invention is an electrical conductor with thermal knee pointsubstantially suppressed or reduced. Embodiments of the presentinvention uniquely applies pre-stress tensioning treatment and preservesthe pre-tensioning of the strength member(s) in an electrical conductorwith aluminum, aluminum alloy, copper or copper alloy, without relyingon pre-stress conditioning of the conductor on the electric transmissionor distribution towers. The aluminum layer material have electricalconductivity of at least 50% ICAS, such as at least 55% ICAS, or even atleast 62% ICAS. The copper layer materials have electrical conductivityof at least 65% ICAS, such as at least 75% ICAS, or even at least 95%ICAS. The invention uniquely combines the aspects of pre-tensioning withstrength members that were encapsulated with conductive media ofsufficient compressive strength and thickness to substantially preservethe pre-tensioning stress in the strength member(s), while rendering theconductive media mostly tension free or in compression after conductorfield installation, and preserving the low thermal expansioncharacteristics of the resulting encapsulated strength members.

Preferred embodiments of the present invention rely upon conductors madeof two or more differing constituent materials, e.g., the strengthmember and an electrically conductive portion or the conductive media.The conductors resulting from this invention has an inherently lowerthermal knee point. Unlike gap conductors requiring complicatedinstallation tools and process, where the conductor, fitting,installation and repair are very expensive, the conductor in thisinvention is easy to install and repair, while maintaining low sag, highcapacity and energy efficiency as a result of knee point shift.

The embodiment applies to existing conductor types, such as ACSR;composite core conductors such as ACCR (from 3M), ACCC (from CTCGlobal), C⁷ (from South wire), Lo Sag (from Nexans), multi strand core(from Tokyo Rope); ACSS; and Invar conductor, as shown in FIG. 2. Itspreferred embodiment involves pre-stressed strength members encapsulatedwith conductive media (please note that non-conductive media may becompatible, but not preferred) in a conductor that is easy to repair,simple to install, compatible with existing low cost conventionalhardware, perfect for managing ice and wind load and the effects fromAeolian vibration and galloping while delivering maximum capacity andenergy efficiency. The conductive layer in immediate contact with thestrength member preferably has sufficient compressive strength andthickness to support the residual tension in the strength members, andthis layer can be of different material type than the rest of theconductive layers in the conductor, for example, copper or copper alloy(including copper micro alloys) in the inner most layer, and the rest ofconductive layers in the conductor being aluminum or aluminum alloys;alternatively, it may be aluminum alloys or annealed aluminum orannealed aluminum alloys in the contact layer with strength member,while the rest of the conductive media being aluminum or copper, orother like combinations.

The conductor thermal knee point relates to the tension stress level ofthe conductive material, e.g., Aluminum or aluminum alloys, or copperand copper alloys, after installation. This temperature is defined assuch that above it, the conductive media is under no tensile stress, oris in compression. The conductor thermal knee point is dependent on theconductor configuration (constituent materials and respectivepercentage, stringing condition such as temperature and tension, as wellas load history of the conductor). For example, for the followingconductors of similar size of about 25 mm in diameter, under theinstallation condition of 300 meter span at stringing temperature of 21°C. (except one at 5° C.), their respective thermal knee points afterinstallation are listed in Table 1:

TABLE 1 Impact of thermal knee point from pre-tensioning treatment fortypical conductors in a span of 300 meters and installation temperatureof 21° C. ACCC ACSR ACSS STACIR ACCR Size 25.15 25.15 25.38 25.3 25.55Rated Tensile 135 112 100 98 114 Strength, RTS (KN) Weight 1245 13011300 1282 1101 (Kg/km) DC Resistance 0.06717 0.08768 0.08525 0.086900.08283 (20 C. in Ohm/km) Current 1624 (200) 1003 (100) 1589 (210) 1509(210) 1509 (210) Capacity (max temp in ° C.) Thermal 75 116 103 110 78Knee Point, ° C. (Stringing Tension @ 20% RTS) Thermal 73 106 101 97 72Knee Point, ° C. (Stringing Tension @ 15% RTS) Thermal 72 (14.7% RTS)112 (17.6% RTS) 103 (20% RTS) 110 (20.3% RTS) 75 (17.5% RTS) Knee Point,° C. (Stringing Tension @ 19.8 KN, and % RTS) Thermal 63 101 92 94 66Knee Point, ° C. (Stringing Tension @ 20% RTS; @ 5° C.) Pre-Tension 29.828.6 24.7 25.5 30.3 Treatment (equivalent to 10 mm Ice load) in KNThermal 30 89 52 90 54 Knee Point, ° C. (after equivalent of 10 mm iceload) Pre-Tension 35 35.1 30.2 31.9 37.4 Treatment (equivalent to 15 mmIce load) in KN Thermal 9.78 80 22 87 45 Knee Point, ° C. (afterequivalent of 15 mm ice load) Pre-Tension 40.5 42.3 36.1 39.1 45.2Treatment (equivalent to 20 mm Ice load) in KN Thermal −16 67 −14 82 36Knee Point, ° C. (after equivalent of 20 mm ice load) Pre-Tension 45.849.9 42.3 46.8 53.4 Treatment (equivalent to 25 mm Ice load) in KNThermal −50 53 −54 75 24 Knee Point, ° C. (after equivalent of 25 mm iceload)

It is recognized in this invention that the conductors using annealedaluminum, such as ACCC and ACSS, can be easily treated withpre-tensioning (or after ice load) to significantly reduce its thermalknee point. For example, it is possible to reduce the thermal knee pointto temperatures below −50° C. in conductors with carbon compositestrength members where the conductor is practically insensitivethroughout its operating temperature range. While it is also evidentthat a conductor with a carbon strength member, without pre-tensiontreatment, has a thermal knee point sensitive to variations intemperature and tension during installation, and prone to sag errors andvariation, it is also possible to completely eliminate this issue bysimply pre-tensioning the conductor (keeping the core under tension andhave the aluminum under no tension or in compression). This allowsconductors of this type to be used in applications where sag sensitivityto environmental changes is unacceptable, such as high speed railapplications. ACSS conductors may also be pre-tensioned to have superiorperformance in thermal sag (comparable to Gap conductor), however, itsstrength member being the steel core, and it will exhibit significantlyhigher thermal elongation than conductors using carbon compositestrength members.

Installation temperature has an impact on thermal knee point, as shownin table 1 when the temperature drops from 21° C. to 5° C. To improvesag performance, it is common for the field engineers to reduce theinstallation temperature or increasing the tension (temperature shift)to accommodate creep related sag in typical ACSR conductorinstallations. Conductor pre-tensioning at lower temperatures shouldhave bigger suppression of thermal knee point than conductorpre-tensioning at higher temperatures.

For conventional stranded conductors with multiple layers of conductivestrands, pre-tensioning of the entire conductor in factory environmentleads to permanent strand elongation and deformation among all thestrands. When the pre-tensioned conductor is wrapped in a reel astypically done in a conductor stranding facility, the substantialcompressive force exerted from the top and bottom layers of conductorsin the conductor reel will distort the permanently stretched aluminumstrands in the pre-tensioned conductors, especially the inner strands inthe pre-tensioned conductor, preventing proper resettlement of allconductive strands when conductor tensile load or temperature changes,resulting in unacceptable conductor birdcaging. Factory pre-tensioningof conventional conductors also requires a clamping device on theconductors to avoid retraction of the pre-tensioned core (without it,the core will retract inside the aluminum layers), making it difficultto handle in the factory and in the field.

To avoid complex and expensive field installation associated with Gapconductor to reduce thermal knee point, and to address the birdcagingproblem affiliated with conductor pre-tensioning in stranding factory,this invention uniquely establish and preserve permanent tensile strainin the strength members of the conductor, by encapsulating the strengthmembers with the conductive material. The conductive cladding layershould be of sufficient thickness and compressive strength thatsubstantial residual tensile strain can be preserved in the conductor toachieve low thermal knee point and low thermal sag performance in theconductor after installation.

While encapsulated strength members have been used in conductors inreferences 2,3,6,9,10,11, most are not pre-tension treated and they arenot intended for optimal thermal sag performance (except for reference2), because the thermal expansion of the encapsulated strength memberoften has worse thermal sag as they exhibit higher thermal expansionthan the strength member(s) itself. The aluminum cladding or coatingapplied to strength members by conductor manufacturers are typicallyrelatively thin. They differ fundamentally from this invention: 1) theyserve different purposes, not for pre-tensioning treatment and/orsuppressing thermal knee point in conductors made with pre-tensionedstrength member; 2) they are too thin to be relevant or applicable tothis invention because preserving the high tensile stress in thestrength member after pre-tensioning treatment requires encapsulatinglayer of sufficient thickness. For example, the aluminum coating ontothe composite core by Nexans in its LO-Sag product is very thin and isfor the purpose of protecting its carbon composite core from hightemperature oxidation degradation.

In pollution heavy regions (coastal or industrial pollution), the gapsbetween aluminum strands are often places for the pollutants to enterinto the conductor and the steel core. All copper conductors are oftenused in distribution networks, especially in areas where corrosion mightbe a concern. Stranded conductors with aluminum encapsulated steel orInvar cores are also introduced to deal with corrosion, e.g., DeAngeliZTACIR or Lumpi-Berndorf HACIN conductors. These conductors are notconcerned with the suppression of thermal knee points in theseconductors, and they are also not optimized for lowest sag at hightemperature as the encapsulated core has similar or higher thermalexpansion coefficient (e.g., 13×10⁻⁶/C) than steel, and it uses hightemperature Zr—Al alloys to compensate for the weaker invar strength,resulting in higher Knee point, non-optimal thermal sag as well as lessthan optimal electrical conductivity. The aluminum cladding to Invarsteel by Lumpi (in its ZTACIR) and De Angeli (in its ZTACIR) are alsothin (cladding area is typically limited to 20% of steel area) to avoidsignificant increase of thermal expansion coefficient in the strengthmember and for protecting the invar steel from corrosion effects,similar to alumoweld conductor where the aluminum layer on steel ispreferred to be about 5% of the steel core.

In the De Andeli Sheat conductors⁸, ‘De Angeli Prodotti has developed aseries of extremely compact conductors characterized by the completelack of empty due to an high strength steel core covered by extrusion ofa penetrating annealed aluminum sheat’. The aluminum cladding by DeAngeli onto its Sheath conductor is solely for the purpose of fillingthe interstitial space among the round steel wires to maximize aluminumpacking and electrical conductivity. The strength members in the sheathconductors were not pre-tension treated for the purpose of suppressingthe conductor thermal knee point to improve thermal sag performance. Thethickness is substantially thin to minimize the thermal expansionincrease associated with encapsulated aluminum, and the coatingthickness will not substantially support the preservation of the tensionstress within the steel core after pre-tensioning treatment, and it doesnot suppress the thermal knee point. Although the De Angeli Sheat typeconductors are applicable for high temperature application, similar toACSS. The steel core in such conductors is only about 10 to 20% of totalconductor cross section, and the interstitial spaces between the steelstrands are of very small quantity, resulting in very limited gain inelectrical conductivity. The conductor is not designed for optimalthermal sag performance, because the steel core encapsulated withannealed aluminum will have much higher thermal expansion than the steelcore in ACSS conductors, resulting in significantly worse thermal sagabove its thermal knee point at higher temperatures (e.g., 14×10⁻⁶/C for50% Al encapsulated steel vs. only 11.5×10⁻⁶/C for steel).

The Pre-stretch treatment in reference 2 stretches the aluminum claddingduring pre-tensioning strength member, resulting in severe tensilestrength load to the cladding layer, making it vulnerable to vibrationfatigue damage. Since the cladding layer is an integral part of thestrength member during pre-tensioning, the resulting encapsulatedstrength member will be of higher thermal expansion coefficient, asexplained above in aluminum clad steel or invar. Furthermore, thecladding layer was under tension, and it cannot restrain the strengthmember from retracting inside the conductor when tension is released,requiring clamping at the ends of the conductors. Rather than minimizingthe shrinkage of the core, the severe tension endured by the aluminumcladding may contribute to the shrinkage of the core when the overalltension in core is released, exasperating the problem of coreslippage/shrinkage, and pose challenges in the handling, installationand repair of such conductors.

In conclusion, the coating or aluminum cladding layer in the prior artare mostly for protecting the steel strength members, and are ofrelatively small cross sectional area compared to the steel core areaitself as they are intended to protect steel from corrosion effects. Thestrength member(s) and the cladding or coating are subjected to the samestress conditioning (either no stretching, or stretched together), andthe resulting hybrid strength member (with cladding or coating) isnegatively impacted with higher thermal expansion coefficient than thestrength member itself, leading to higher sag.

To avoid the increase in thermal expansion in the strength member, theencapsulation material around the strength member should be tension freeor preferably under compression during and especially afterpre-tensioning of the strength member. The tensioned strength member(s)for an electrical conductor can be encapsulated with conformingmachine(s) in combination with a tensioning device. Metallurgicalbonding between the strength members and the conductive encapsulatingmetal are desirable, but not required. If necessary, adhesives (such asChemlok 250 from Lord Corp) can be applied to the surface of theconductor strength member(s) to further promote the adhesion between thestrength member and the encapsulating metal layer. Additionally, surfacefeatures on the strength member(s) may be incorporated to promoteinterlocking between the encapsulating layer and the strength members(e.g., stranded strength members such as multi-strand composite cores inC⁷ or steel wires in conventional conductors; pultruded composite corewith protruding or depleting surface features; and an intentional roughsurface on strength members such as ACCC core from CTC Global where asingle or multiple strand glass or basalt or similar and other types ofinsulating material were wrapped around the strength member, instead ofjust longitudinally parallel configuration described patent⁵). Theconductive encapsulating layer is preferably aluminum, aluminum alloy,copper and copper alloys, but they could also be other metals such aslead, tin, indium tin oxide, silver, gold, or nonmetallic materials withconductive particles when appropriate. FIG. 3 is an illustration of suchset up. The conductive encapsulating metal are expected to soften oreven melt in the conforming machine from the frictional force. If thestrength member(s) is made of carbon fiber reinforced polymer matrixcomposite, the material glass transition temperature (Tg in thermosetcomposite) or melting point (thermoplastic matrix) should besufficiently high to avoid degradation when they are in contact withconformed metals. The Tg of the material should be at least 100° C., butpreferably over 150° C. This is easily achievable with polymeric matrixusing epoxy resin cured with anhydride type of hardeners. The hotconformed encapsulating metal layer is expected to be chilled down toambient or below temperatures within 60 seconds, preferably less than 20seconds. The strength member may be a composite made with all glassfibers or all basalt fibers or a mix of the two as reinforcements,including but not limited to A glass fibers, E glass fibers, H glassfibers, S glass fibers, R glass fibers, and AR glass fibers.

It is important to note that in this invention, the encapsulatinglayer(s) are under no tension while the strength member(s) arepre-stretched/tensioned. After the pre-tension in the strength member isreleased, the encapsulating layer(s) are subjected to total compression,which minimizes the shrinking back of the strength members. The strengthmembers, made with composite materials, may have a strength above 80ksi, and a modulus ranging from 5 msi to 40 msi, and a CTE of about−1×10⁻⁶ to 8×10⁻⁶/° C. Most of them, such as ACCC core, are of themodulus ranging from 15 msi to 22 msi, substantially less than typicalsteel wires (about 28 msi). It is ideal to apply encapsulation andpre-stress to composite strength member(s), because the tension loadrequired may be substantially less, and the encapsulating layer(s) canmore readily and effectively minimize the shrinking back in thecomposite strength member(s). Furthermore, the encapsulation of strengthmember practiced in this invention, unlike the prior art, uniquelyallows the preservation of the low thermal expansion coefficientcharacteristics in the strength member(s), minimizing the thermal sag inthe resulting conductor. With strength members properly encapsulated,including the ends with moisture resistant sealants such silicon basedmaterial, the composite strength members may be optionally made with allcarbon fibers without insulating layer. This could significantly improveconductor overall performance (lighter weight, extremely low thermalexpansion of at most 1×10⁻⁶, higher strength, higher modulus tofacilitate longer span or fewer towers, higher conductor capacity andbetter energy efficiency).

The conforming encapsulation step may be optionally integrated with apultrusion machine, or a core stranding machine for steel and compositestrength members where a conductor core made of plural strength memberwires/strands/rods is made, to further reduce cost. Optionally, the1^(st) set of tensioner might not be necessary if the preceding step,such as pultrusion process or the strength member stranding machine iscapable of handling the speed and tension in the pre-tensionedconforming process or a drawing process with sufficient drawings forcefrom the drawing side where the encapsulating material is a tube withstrength member(s) inside and the assembly is drawn through a single orseries of drawing dies to get the final size and configuration. Thetensioning of strength member is maintained during the conformingprocess. The encapsulated pre-tensioned strength member passes throughthe 2^(nd) tensioner to reduce the tension level before winding into aconductor reel. If the conductor reel is capable of winding theconductor at high tension level, it is possible to skip the tensionreduction step in the 2^(nd) tensioner. It is also possible to avoid thetensioners described if precisely controlled differential speeds indifferent steps along the manufacturing process are maintained. Othertensioning devices or approaches may be used in lieu of the pair oftensioners in FIG. 3. Instead of conforming machines or the like,integral tubes may be extruded over the strength member(s) or extrudedprofiles were folded over the strength members from a broad strip andlongitudinally welded. Aluminum wires may be stranded radially aroundthe strength members, then crushed by the application of radial pressureto bond or adhere to the strength member(s)¹⁰. Alternatively, tensioningof the strength member(s) is also possible by controlling the pullingspeeds with differential speed in the tensioning segment only, whilemaintaining constant speed at the beginning and winding sections.

The level of pre-tensioning in the conductor is dependent on conductorsize, conductor configuration, conductor application environment and thedesirable target thermal knee point. If the goal is to have a conductorthermal knee point at or near the stringing temperature (e/g/. ambient),the tension required onto the strength member may only be about the samestringing sag tension (typically 10 to 20% rated conductor strength),plus 5-50% of the stringing sag tension level, preferably 10-30% extrato keep all aluminum (or copper in the case of copper conductors) freeof tension after stringing, which is significantly lower compared toconductor pre-tensioning in the electric towers where a load about 40%of conductor tensile strength are commonly required. If lower thermalknee point is required, higher pre-tensioning stress is needed. It isalso important to note that the composite core using carbon fibers arestrong, light weight, low thermal sag. The encapsulated strengthmember(s) using fiber reinforced composite materials, is ideal where theelastic strength member(s) facilitates spring back of the encapsulatedstrength member(s) from the reeled configuration for field installation.In one characterization, the strength member(s) may be pre-strained byat least 0.05%, such as at least 0.15%, even at least 0.3%.

For conductors intended for AC applications where the skin effectdictates the conductive layer should be within the skin effect depth, itis preferred to have multiple concentric layers of conductive mediaencapsulating the strength member during conforming process. The skindepth varies with frequency. It reaches a maximum depth of about 8 mm at60 Hz, and about 13 mm at 25 Hz for pure copper. For pure aluminum, themaximum depth is about 11 mm at 25 Hz and 17 mm at 60 Hz. Eachconductive layer thickness should be less than the maximum allowabledepth to achieve low A/C resistance. This could be achieved through aseries of conforming machines. In one characterization, each of thecopper encapsulating layer has a thickness of at most 12 mm, such as atmost 10 mm, or even at most 8 mm. In another characterization, eachaluminum encapsulating layer has a thickness of at most 16 mm, such asat most 12 mm, or even at most 10 mm. For highly conductive materialsuch as copper, it is advisable to include dielectric coating in betweenthe conductive layers or strands to optimize for skin effect.Alternatively for improved conductor flexibility, it might be preferredto keep the last layer or layers of conductive media stranded withround, TW, C, Z, S strand configurations, as implemented in the FIG. 4,where the pre-tensioned encapsulated strength member is optionallyfurther subjected to tensioning during the stranding operation to getthe outer layer of conductive media into tension free state or intocompression. This can also be accomplished by pulling the electricalconductor, including the conductor in this invention where the outermost layer(s) being stranded, through a tensioner and through aplurality of travelers that are operatively supported by suspensiontowers, and between two deadend towers where one side conductor isattached, while the other side has the encapsulated strength memberpulled out and trimmed according to a pre-specified length equivalent tostrength member elongation during conductor pre-tensioning, beforecompleting conductor deadending. This step can be further assisted bysufficient lubricants (e.g., oil or grease or other similar substancebetween the stranded layer and the encapsulated layer) to facilitate therelative motion between the sliding conductive layers; or alternatively,pulling the overhead electrical conductor through a pair of tensionersthat can be utilized for in-field conductor pre-tensioning tosignificantly reduce conductor thermal knee point, as shown in FIG. 5.The steps and approached described here and in both FIGS. 4 and 5 arealso directly applicable to conventional conductors such as Invar, ACSS,ACCR, ACCC, Lo Sag and C⁷ etc, without the applying the encapsulationlayer to respective strength members. Copper cladded aluminum strands orcopper cladded encapsulating layer could be preferable as the currentsconcentrates in the copper skin layer for maximum conductivity withoutthe cost and weight of pure copper conductor.

Pre-tensioning of the conductors implemented in FIGS. 4 and 5 areacceptable in terms of conductor birdcaging propensity. Unlike theprocess described in Chinese patent or in the JPS approach, theconductor only has the limited outer layer or layers being stranded.Without the issue of all conductive strands of inner layers gettingdistorted during compaction into a reel or handling in the field as inthe Chinese patent or the JPS approach, the outer strands are relativelyfree to resettle without being hindered (absence of inner layerconductive strands). While the practice disclosed in FIG. 5 isapplicable to conventional conductors, it does present some challenge(not as problematic as in Gap conductor) to repair such treatedconductors after installation should a line breakage occurs. This isbecause the strength members in the core will retract inside the layersof conductive strands, and making it difficult to locate the brokenstrength member as well as in field tensioning of it before conductorsplicing operation.

Some of the conductor configurations in this invention are illustratedin FIGS. 6A-6N. The encapsulated core can have a single strength memberor a plural of strength members stranded together or loosely packed, andthe strength member(s) can be round or other shapes such oval ormodified round with surface features to promote adhesion or mechanicalinterlocking between strength member and encapsulation layer. Thesestrength members can be made of steel, invar steel, high strength orextra high strength or ultra high strength steel, metal matrix compositereinforced by ceramic fiber, carbon fiber or other suitable fibers,continuous or discontinuous; polymeric matrix composites reinforced bycarbon fibers, glass fibers, quartz, or other like types reinforcedcomposites in either thermoset or thermoplastic matrix, with or withoutadditional fillers including nano-additives. The reinforcement in thecomposites can be substantially continuous or discontinuous. There is aninsulation layer between carbon composite and conductive layer, and itcan be made with reinforcement fibers such as glass or basalt fibers(either substantially parallel to axial direction, or woven or braidedglass) or a layer of insulation (including an insulating resin layer) orinsulative coating. When the insulating layer between the encapsulatingmetal and carbon fiber strength member is absent, care should be takenin sealing up all exposed ends of the strength member to eliminate wateringress. The encapsulated core can also be hollow, and the hollowstrength member may also contain optical fiber or cables, and may beused for transmission and distribution network (fiber to home) oroptical ground wires. The conductor itself can be a single layerencapsulated strength member. The conductive layers can also be aconcentrically encapsulated round perfectly smooth surface conductor,with or without the dielectric coating in between each layer. Theconductive surface may have pultruded surface features to disrupt vortexshedding in the event of Aeolian vibration. The layers may havelubricants between them to facilitate some relative motion, but thecontact between the conductive layer and the strength member should bestrongly bonded either mechanically or chemically to ensure substantialmaintenance of residual stress and strain in respective constituents.The outer layers can be stranded onto the conductor where differentstrand configurations are acceptable, such as round, trapezoidal, C, S,Z and other suitable shapes, and preferably self-locking strands such asZ, S and C wires where a smooth surface with substantially wind drag isattainable. Other conductor configurations are also permissible, such astear drop shapes in high speed train contact wire applications. Theconductive media can be annealed or un-annealed aluminum or aluminumalloys, copper or copper alloys, or a combination of them.

The interface between the strength member(s) and the encapsulation layercan be further optimized with surface features in the strength membersenhancing interfacial locking and/or bonding between the strength memberand the encapsulation to retain and preserve the stress frompre-tensioning step. This includes, not limited to protruded features onstrength member surface as well as rotation of the strength memberaround the axial direction. Furthermore, the same features can beincorporated into the interface between subsequent conductive layers. Asan example, the composite strength member(s) may have a glass fiber towwrapped around its surface to create a screw shape or twisted surface.In one characterization, a braided or woven fiber layer is applied inthe outer layer of the strength member to promote interlocking orbonding between strength member and the encapsulating metal layer. Steelwires may be shaped with similar surface features. It is also possibleto achieve pre-tensioned strength members by simply pre-tension thereinforcement fibers in a matrix of conductive media such as aluminum orcopper or their respective alloys. Such approach, for example, could bepracticed in a conforming machine with aluminum. The reinforcementfibers are the type disclosed in the patent, such as ceramic fibers, nonmetallic fibers, carbon fibers, glass fibers, and others of similartypes.

High temperature operation of conductors made with polymeric matrix corerequires stability and performance of the matrix core after prolongedexposure to high temperatures. ACCC core from CTC Global relies on thegalvanic preventative layer (i.e., glass fiber layer) for protectionagainst oxygen ingress into carbon section. A layer of protectivecoating has been attempted by Nexans, Southwire and others to improveits composite core durability at high temperatures. Such coatings aretypically very thin (less than 0.5 mm) to prevent oxygen ingress duringhigh temperature operation. These coatings are quite vulnerable as it isso thin that it may not survive the sustained frictional movementbetween the aluminum strands against the core, and the thermal expansionmismatch may lead to the propensity of spallation of aluminum coating,exposing the core to thermal degradation. It is understood that thisinvention also covers strength member whose matrix constituent materialis derived from preceramic polymer based precursors, where the resultingmatrix is extremely temperature capable with superior resistance tooxidation or decomposition, and it may be silicon oxycarbide type ofceramic matrix or thermosetting type of resin matrix (for example,polyimide, cynate ester, BMI chemistries) with operating temperaturewell above 250° C. In such case, the encapsulating layer for enhancedoxidation resistance may be unnecessary.

The strength member should have a minimum level of tensile strength, forexample, 600 MPa, or even at least 1600 MPa, to sustain pre-tensionstress application. For metallic strength members, it is expected thatthe pre-tension stress will reach or exceed the proportional limitstrength of the conductive material. The elongation during pre-tensionstretching comprises elongating the strength members by at least 0.05%strain, such as at least 0.2% strain, or even at least 0.5% straindepending on the type of strength members and the degree of knee pointreduction, and the strength member may be pre-tensioned before or afterentering the conforming machine. Furthermore, the strength member isexpected to endure radial compression from crimping of conventionalfittings as well as radial pressure during conforming of drawing downprocess or folding and molding process, a minimum level of radialcompressive strength is required, and a crushing strength of minimum of3 KN in the radial direction is required, preferably, it is above 15 KN,or even at least 25 KN, especially for composite cores with little to noplastic deformation.

It is to be understood, however, that the present invention is notlimited to the foregoing examples of wire or conductors and themethodologies of shifting conductor thermal knee point, and thatvariations of the above described component and material parameters,technical specifications, and criteria concerning the construction ofconductor and the shifting of conductor knee point of the presentinvention can be made without departing from the teachings of thepresent invention.

The following non-limiting application examples are illustrative of thepresent invention and are not to be construed as limiting the scopethereof in any manner. All the conductor options and configurationsbased on this invention, some of them are depicted in FIGS. 6A-6N, areapplicable to the following application examples, and the benefits fromeach example are substantially applicable to other application areas.

Example 1: Application for Reconductoring Applications in Transmissionand Distribution Grid

Transmission line reconductoring is typically in voltage ranging from110 kv to 500 kv, where existing towers are leveraged as much aspossible to reduce project cost and power outage time. Reconductoringmay also be done live line, where no outage is scheduled duringreconductoring. The primary focus of reconductoring is to maximize linecapacity within established clearance constraint and to leverageexisting infrastructure. The conductor from this invention is ideal forsuch application, where the highest packing density in the conductor(almost 100% for the concentric layers, vs typically 93% fill factor ina tightly stranded conductor such as ACCC conductor from CTC Global)will provide the new conductors with highest possible capacity (andlowest resistance and lowest line loss) at normal operating conditions.For emergency conditions, where the conductor is exposed to hightemperatures, the conductor from this invention is uniquely suited asits strength member is shielded and protected from oxygen ingress andthermal degradation, allowing the conductors to be operated in its fulltemperature range for many years. The invented conductor with concentricencapsulation is not prone to birdcaging effects which often expose thestrength member directly to effects from the environment such as UV,moisture, ozone in typical conductors. The metal encapsulation onto thestrength member also effectively shield the strength members fromharmful effects from these environmental factors. It should be notedthat one does not need to apply compressive stress treatment to theconductive encapsulating layer to achieve the above mentioned benefit ofprotecting the strength member from degradation from the environment(e.g., oxygen, ozone, corona, and moisture etc.)

Reducing the thermal knee point in such conductors will significantlyreduce thermal sag constraints (where the conductor thermal sag is notlimited or influenced by the conductive material with high thermalexpansion coefficient such as aluminum or copper or their respectivealloys). The low thermal knee point also removes the sensitivity of hightemperature conductors with fully annealed aluminum where aluminum creepin such conductors are fast and significant, resulting in uncertainty onconductor final knee point and conductor sag^(6,7). With aluminum in notension or under compression, creep of aluminum is completely taken outin such conductors, and the conductor settles into its final sagcondition after stringing (no creep effect, provided there is also noice load conditions is not extreme that further reduces thermal kneepoint). This allows the conductor to be installed with highest clearancewhile within tower load limit (desirable to maximize capacity and manageextreme ice load). It also significantly simplifies the installationprocess and sag variability in high temperature conductors, especiallyin bundled phase conductors. The predictable low sag helps the utilityto manage its transmission asset efficiently because thermal sag isnever going to be the limiting factor for emergency planning.

Conductive material in a conductor is typically the fatigue constraintin conductor life. With these constituents under substantially notension in the conductor associated with this invention, Aeolianvibration can be effectively managed, and there might be no need forvibration dampers where the previous line may have required, savingproject cost. If the design engineer desires extra protection againstAeolian vibration fatigue damage, dampers such as stock-bridge type orthe Spiral vibration rods can be considered. Conductor with a specialprotruded surface feature as depicted in FIGS. 6A-6N, may be deployed tofurther manage Aeolian vibration. For large and heavy conductor typesfrom this invention, additional damping mechanism such as dummyconductor segments attached to the conductor, with differing segmentlength between conductor attachment points to handle all the frequencyranges.

Hardware for newer types of conductors tends to be expensive as specialand expensive mechanism to lock onto the core without crushing it had tobe considered¹¹. With this invention, the strength members are naturallyshielded by a layer of conductive material, and this allowscompatibility with conventional hardware crimping process where thefittings are directly crimped to strength members for mechanical loadtransfer. This may be essential for conductors with plural of strengthmembers, such as the composite strength members in C⁷, Tokyo rope andACCR types of conductors to avoid excessively pinging and damaging thecontact areas between the plural strength members.

Most conductors when installed new, tend to be noisy due to coronaeffect in high voltage lines. With the hermetical round surface in thenewly invented conductor, lubricants used in the typical conductorstranding operation are not necessary, eliminating the noise effecttypically associated with new conductor.

Strength members made from unidirectional fiber reinforced composite(ACCC, ACCR, C⁷, Lo-Sag, Tokyo Rope, etc) tends to be brittle, andvulnerable to fiber breakage from excessive axial compression as aresult of mishandling⁶. The encapsulating layers not only shield thestrength members from direct damage during mishandling, it also makesthe effective diameter of the strength member (i.e., the outsidediameter of the encapsulation layer) much bigger to mitigate sharp angleoccurrence. With the permanent tensile strain and tensile stress presentin the strength member, it has a build-in mechanism to mitigate thecompressive stress from bending that is most vulnerable to theseconductor strength members, making the handling of the new conductorsrobust, accident proof, and cost effective. It should be noted thatinstallation mishandling or conductor damage to the conductor in thisinvention, if happens, do not lead to core slippage, and may be easilyrepaired, unlike pre-tension treated conductors such as Gap conductors,where the strength members retract inside the conductor after damage,resulting in expensive and time consuming repair operation. It is wellsuited for regions where conductor stringing condition is not ideal(such as tough terrain, inexperienced labor and inadequate equipment).

Example 2—Application for New Build Applications in Transmission andDistribution Grid

New build projects often are more sensitive to materials and labor cost(e.g., conductor cost, fitting cost as well as tower cost). Some of thenew builds are for long distance transmission and ultra-high voltagewhere corona effect must be controlled and conductor resistance and lineloss must be minimized.

The embodiment in the invention include the option of stranding aroundthe encapsulated pre-tensioned strength member(s) with additionallayer(s) of conductive strands to increase conductor diameter for UHVapplications while facilitating easy handling (requiring smaller reelsfor wrapping). For aluminum conductors in AC circuit of 60 Hz, the skineffect requires a maximum conducting layer thickness to be 17 mm. Largeconductors must consider multi-layer configuration. Since significantamount of aluminum have already been pre-stressed under compression, theload and the time required to put the additional layers of conductivestrands in compression or tension free are quite simpler. This willreduce the tendency of birdcaging in the conductors. The additionalpre-tensioning can be implemented as suggested in FIGS. 4 and 5 ifneeded, or using differential trimming of the strength member suggestedin this invention. The additional conductive layers can be aluminum,annealed aluminum, aluminum alloys, copper or copper alloys, or othertype of conductive media. The preferred embodiment is aluminum oraluminum alloy that can take more compression (without readily bulgingoutward under compression), and they might also be more scratchresistant than fully annealed aluminum to preserve conductor surfaceintegrity against mishaps from tough field conditions or erosion againstthe erosive kite strings caught on high voltage lines.

With the conductor thermal knee point suppressed and the conductivemedia such as aluminum under no tension (or under compression) when theconductor is operated above its thermal knee point, the conductor shouldhave superior self-damping, making it possible to leverage high erectiontension, such as 25-40% RTS (as compared to typical erection tension of10-20% RTS). This not only reduces the transmission line's propensity togalloping (galloping is very damaging to power line, but very difficultto manage as the causes are different for different regions), it alsoallows best possible conductor ground clearance that can be leveraged toreduce tower height or longer spans with fewer towers for project costsavings. With the compact configuration, it provides the option formaximum packing of most conductive aluminum (e.g., fully annealed) inthe conductor for highest capacity and lowest line loss with betterenergy efficiency than the best conductors available such as ACCC due tohigher fill factors enabled in this invention. The conductor with itsthermal knee point sufficiently reduced to below its stringingtemperature, makes its installation process simple and cost effective,where consistency in conductor sagging can be easily obtained regardlessminor changes and variation in stringing practice, and thus ispreferable for phase conductors, especially in bundled configurations.

To manage corona in EHV and UHV applications, conductors with hollowcores or hollow strands or enlarged cross section might be used. Tofurther minimize the corona, a hydrophilic surface treatment could beapplied to the outer layer aluminum surface to avoid water beads. Lowcost fitting options with conventional tools can be readily applied tothe invented conductor as the encapsulated strength member(s) are muchmore robust and are fully compatible for direct crimping press, and thetransmission line should have higher safety & reliability because thestrength members are well protected with the encapsulation layer againstmishandling and environmental effects (e.g., conductor damage,corrosion, UV, Ozone, moisture, etc). To minimize scratches ontoconductor surface, the conductor outer layer may consider hard aluminum,aluminum alloys or copper alloys for high voltage applications wherecorona from conductor damage is important, because the surface, comparedto annealed aluminum, is more robust against surface scratching orerosion from abrasive objects such as kite string.

Example 3—Application for Special Situations: River Crossing andUltra-Long Span, Heavy Ice and Corrosion Heavy Regions

River crossing or ultra-long span applications or heavy ice regions havethe same need of compact conductors with high strength and modulus. Ifthe transmission project is thermal sag constrained, partial or fullthermal knee point suppression is desirable. If the transmission linesag clearance is driven by the ice load or weight of the conductor, itis desirable to use high strength light weight fiber reinforcedcomposite strength member (s), and 1) either to leverage some or most ofthe aluminum alloy (such as Aluminum Zirconium alloys, 6201-T81) orcopper and copper alloys in load carrying to minimize sag (with lesssuppression in conductor thermal knee point, i.e., the additional layersof conducting material (beyond the pre-tensioned encapsulating layerwith the strength member) is not subjected to additional pre-tensiontreatment) or 2) to pre-tension the conductor sufficiently thatapproximates the design ice load such that the conductor can be erectedat high tensions with maximum clearance without excessive load to tower.This requires the strength members to be elongated at least 0.1%,preferably at least 0.25%, or even at least 0.35%. This is important asAeolian vibration is often critical in the long span applications andhaving the conductor with substantially suppressed thermal knee point(e.g., knee point reduction greater than 30° C.) that reduces the kneepoint below the typical temperature when Aeolian vibration occurs mostoften in winter seasons, will maximize self-damping in the conductorstrands. The compact nature and smooth profile such as the hermeticconcentric surface conductive layer would minimize ice accumulation andsubstantially reduces the wind load. If the conductor is of sufficientsize that additional stranded conductive layer is needed on the outside,strand configuration such as Z, TW, C and S are preferred as they reducewind load. Detection of conductor damage and real time monitoringconductor precise sag condition, conductor temperature and conductortension on these critical transmission spans can be preferablyaccomplished by incorporating single or plural optical fiber(s) into theinterface between the strength member and the 1^(st) encapsulating layer(with the optical fiber preferably un-tensioned to preserve the life ofoptical sensing fibers). These distributed sensing optical fibers mayalso be introduced between the conductive layers or inside theconductive layer itself and the strength member themselves, as depictedin FIGS. 6A-6N.

The invented conductor is particularly suitable for regions wherecorrosion and/or erosion exist. With the conductor surface beingcompletely closed, there is no pathway for the pollutants or abrasivesands or particles to get inside the conductor, which is common inconventional conductor where the spacing between strands are easypathway, leading to corrosion inside the conductor. For strength membersbeing of metallic nature, the encapsulating conductive materialcompletely shield it from the environment and is immune from corrosion.The conductor from this invention is perfectly suited for areas withheavy pollution or near coastal areas or in desert environment withfrequent sand storms. This does not necessarily require theencapsulating layer to be compression treated.

When the conductor application is insensitive to the thermal knee pointof the conductor, but it requires compatibility with low cost hardwareand ease of installation and repair, the pre-tension step in theconductor manufacturing process is not required, but optional andpreferred because an application driven by ice load or conductor weightoften uses aluminum alloys which drives up thermal knee pointsubstantially. Appropriately reducing the thermal knee point to belowthe typical every day condition helps to manage Aeolian vibration aswell as thermal sag should it require high capacity to deal with N-1 orN-2 emergency, while at the same time, the knee point is notsubstantially reduced (i.e., above the temperature when the extremeheavy ice event might occur) such that when extreme heavy ice hits, theconductor has the aluminum alloy contributing in the load carrying andmanaging ice load sag when needed.

Example 4—Application for Distribution and OPGW Applications

Electric distribution lines do not involve corona as they operate below110 KV. The conductors can be bare or insulated. The typical currentdensity in the distribution conductors is much higher (2-4× of thetransmission conductor), and line loss and energy efficiency would bevery relevant and important. Cost for conductor and fitting as well asinstallation are critical in distribution lines. There are oftencapacity constraints in the distribution lines, where N-1 or N-2emergencies will require high conductor capacities when needed. For ACcircuits at 60 Hz, the skin effect depth for aluminum conductor is 16.9mm and 8.5 mm for copper conductors. The conductor from this inventionusing encapsulated strength member(s) is ideally suited for thedistribution network: a) it is compact with a fill factor approaching100%, minimizing resistance and line loss while maximizing linecapacity. With conductor thermal knee point substantially reduced as aresult of pre-tensioning strength member(s), there is virtually nothermal sag with carbon fiber composite strength members, and thethermal sag would also be very manageable even with steel strengthmember(s) in the conductor construction. The relatively small radius ofthe compact distribution conductor facilitate simple wrapping into theconductor reel, yet large enough to provide protection against damage tothe strength member in the conductor from mishandling, especially sharpangle. Stranded conductors using small composite strength member(s) havevery robust bend radius, however, it is most vulnerable to sharp angleevents where the composite strength member could be subjected toextremely small radius at the point of sharp bending, causing excessiveaxial compressive stress and fiber buckling failure. To improvecompressive strength in the strength member, one may consider the use ofsiloxane derived stiff polymeric matrix or ceramic matrix, or includefillers with high stiffness such as glass or ceramic materials includinghollow glass or ceramic powders with high compressive strength. In onecharacterization, the strength member matrix phase may include inorganicor organic fillers, including nano fillers. For distribution conductorsin this invention, especially those using carbon composite strengthmember(s), the pre-tensioning and preservation of the tensile stress inthe strength member mitigates the dangerous axial compression that leadsto fiber buckling. The encapsulating conductive layer also eliminatesthe possibility of composite strength member being subjected to extremesharp angle inside the conductor that leads to dangerous axialcompressive load. Furthermore, conductor mishandling such as subjectingto sharp angle, can be detected by examining damage onto theencapsulating metal where permanent deformation on the tension side andgroove on the compressing side could be easily observed. This inventionalso eliminates the risk of birdcaging as there are no need for separatestrands, and the strength member is protected from moisture, UV, oxygeningress that can all have an impact to the conductor life. With theconductor encapsulated, it is easily compatible with existing fittingand conventional compaction practice in deadending or splice. Thecompact structure in the conductor also make it suitable for deadendingor splicing with the low cost MaClean splice and deadend fittings bysimply inserting the conductor or with simple helical fittings from PLPor the like (i.e., conductive rod with strength member underpre-tension) to complete the splicing step, which makes field repairefficient and cost effective. Alternatively, the conductor from thisinvention may be spliced by applying preformed wires made by companiessuch as PLP for cost effective deployment. Crimping using DMC crimpingdevice may be also preferable as the invented conductor has sufficientintegrity and compression strength to be compatible with DMC crimpingclamps. For insulated distribution conductors, the conventionalinsulation layer may be readily applied, and insulating material optionsinclude but not limited to polyethylene, crosslinked polyethylene, PVC,Teflon, and silicon based materials. For higher temperature operationwell beyond 100 C with the insulated conductor, silicone material suchas siloxane based chemistry may be preferred. Silicon based material arecommonly used as insulator materials, with superior insulation and UVresistance. The softness of silicone materials may be adjusted byincorporating organic or inorganic fillers. Alternatively, it could bepultruded or extruded or compression molded into insulating jacketsaround the conductor using continuous or discontinuous fibers such asglass or basalt fibers to achieve adequate electrical resistance as wellas robustness against clashing among phased conductors.

Besides low cost, robust against mishandling as well as high capacity(at normal and high temperatures), the conductor from this invention(i.e., New-Al) has one of the best energy efficiency. For example, inthe following distribution conductors in Table II, the conductor fromthis invention has similar outside diameter to other conductor types.The conductor in this invention is of high strength and low electricalresistance. It runs cooler among the four distribution options with thehighest capacity (almost double that of AAAC), and lowest line loss.Assuming a wholesale electricity price of $100/MWhr, the invention wouldbe 10% more efficient than comparably sized ACCC, 25% better efficiencythan comparably sized AAAC. Annually, the conductor from the inventionsaves about $1.85 per meter compared to comparably sized ACCC, and it isworth $6.8 per meter extra due to line loss savings as compared tocomparably sized AAAC. For heavy ice regions (e.g., 30 mm ice) where theconductor is also spanned longer distance (e.g., 200 meters), theconductor from this invention (i.e., New-AlZr) with the aluminum alloyoption is also best for minimizing line sag. The low cost, highcapacity, highly energy efficient distribution conductor disclosed inthis invention also effectively address the issue of outage fromlightening damage to conventional distribution conductors (often withoutground wire protection), as lightning strike to the new conductors willnot lead to conductor breakage and line outage.

TABLE II Distribution conductor comparison of comparable conductor sizeACCC ACSR AAAC New-Al New-AlZr Aluminum 123 105 119 134 134 Area (mm²)OD (mm) 14.35 14.16 13.95 14.35 14.35 Rated Tensile 67 36 31 68 81Strength (KN) AC Resistance 0.2335 0.2748 0.28165 0.21466 0.22638 (@ 25°C.) Capacity A 742 (200) 446 (90) 439 (90) 776 (200) 771 (200) (Temp in° C.) Temperature 69 77 79 65 67 ° C. @400 A Line loss 1201 1452 14961090 1137 (MWhr/km @ 400 A, 110 KV, 70% load) Line Loss Baseline −$4.19−$4.93 $1.85 $1.06 Saving Benefit ($/m/yr, assuming $100/MWhr) DesignSag 8 m 8.63 m 7.85 m 8.05 m 6.71 m (30 mm Ice, 200 m span, Stringing@15% RTS and 21 C.) Design Sag 1.12 m Ice 2.2 m (90 C.) 2.32 m (90 C.)1.13 m Ice 1.17 Ice (10 mm ice, 100 m span, stringing @15% RTS and 21C.)

Distribution lines are also considered for delivering fibers to home.Using the hollow core conductor (pre-tensioned) and the core is filledup with un-tensioned optical fiber cable, the utility has a much cheaperway to facilitate ‘fiber to home’ strategy. For OPGW applications wherethe phase conductor from the current invention will have virtually noextra sag, the product in this invention of using hollow encapsulatedstrength member is very desirable as it also solves a problem of unequalsag from the ground wire vs the phase wires if the phase conductors areof a different type of strength member(s). Fibers or fiber cable(s)inside the hollow core could be either used to continuously monitor thetemperature, load, current, tension, or alternatively, the opticalfibers are used for primarily optical communications (by thetelecommunication companies).

Example 5: Application to High Speed Train System

Contact wires (i.e., catenary wire) in high speed trains are kept at amechanical tension because the pantograph causes mechanical oscillationsin the wire and the wave must travel faster than the train to avoidproducing standing waves that would cause wire breakage. Tensioning theline makes waves travel faster because the speed of train is limited bythe square root of the tension over weight ratio in the contact wire.This requires high strength copper wires that is either low inconductivity (Copper Magnesium alloy 0.5% Mg) or environmentallyunsuitable (cadmium copper alloy). For medium and high speed trainsystems, mechanism for maintaining very high wire tension is deployed tomaintain contact wire straightness along the high speed rail track. Asthe environmental temperature changes, both the messenger wire and thecontact wire expand or shrink accordingly, resulting in undesirable wiresag. These dimensional changes in the messenger wire and contact wireare often problematic for achieving and maintaining high train speed,requiring expensive frequent adjustment and maintenance. The wires aregenerally tensioned by weights or occasionally by hydraulic tensionersto ensure that the tension and wire sag are virtually independent oftemperature. Tensions are typically between 9 and 20 KN per wire. Whereweights are used, they slide up and down on a rod or tube attached tothe mast, to prevent them from swaying. Such constant tensioningmechanism is expensive to maintain, and also very expensive to upgradeif the train speed needs to be increased.

This invention is perfectly suited to high speed rail applications wherethe sag from thermal expansion of messenger wire and contact wire madeof copper or copper alloys must be tightly controlled. By encapsulatingthe copper or copper alloys around carbon fiber reinforced strengthmember(s) through conforming machine(s) as described in this invention,one could make the messenger wire and contact wire virtually immune toenvironmental temperature variations. If A/C current is used, the depthof skin effect in copper is about 13.2 mm at 25 Hz. A conductor withsingle copper layer encapsulated strength member should be adequate formost applications. For conductors requiring substantially moreconducting cross sectional area, one may consider using multiple layersof copper or copper alloy or with outer layer being stranded with Z, TW,Round, S or C type of strands for compactness to reduce wind and iceload as well as maximum conductivity and lowest resistance. Each layerof copper or copper strands should be treated with dielectric materialto accommodate skin effect in the conductor if necessary. Theencapsulated strength member(s) is pre-tensioned such that its thermalknee point is below the lowest operating temperature for the trainservice, thereby, the messenger wires and contact wires maintainconstant length and sag as they are immune to environmental temperatureeffects. Unlike gap conductors that might also achieve low thermal sagbut impossible for field repair, the encapsulated messenger wires andcontact wires with carbon fiber composites can be easily repairedbecause the core and the copper layer are an integral part of theconductors. The low thermal expansion composite strength member(s) isconstrained from retraction (unlike conductor of gap design) by theencapsulating copper or copper alloy layer at the event of wire damage,and the conductor can be easily repaired on the spot.

A copper messenger wire made with encapsulated carbon fiber compositecore with substantially reduced thermal knee point, could eliminate theneed for the weight or hydraulic tensioners. For example, a 25 KN forcewould be sufficient to suppress the thermal knee point to below −25° C.for a messenger wire with the OD of 14.8 mm and a carbon composite coreat 9.0 mm. The contact wire made with carbon composite strength membercould enable much higher speed (i.e., high catenary constant). Forexample, a contact wire with 30% carbon composite core (2400 MPastrength, and 1.9 g/cc density) and 70% annealed copper (210 MPa and8.96 g/cc density) have a strength of 867 Mpa at a density of 6.84, astrength to density ratio of 127, which is over 100% higher than thestrength to density ratio for Copper Mg alloys (0.5%) at 60. This can befurther improved by combining copper micro alloy (La Farga, 99.8%Copper, 99% ICAS conductivity, 480 MPa strength, Density of 8.96) andcarbon composite core using carbon composite (3500 MPa and 1.76 density)using latest carbon fiber from Toray (T1100 with 45 msi modulus andgreater than 1000 ksi strength). The strength to density ratio can reach204 for a contact wire with 30% carbon composite core (1386 MPa strengthand 6.8 g/cc density), making it possible to reach for higher speed notpossible with current technology. The invention also makes it possibleto consider aluminum or aluminum alloy encapsulated strength member withlow CTE, such as strength members made by CTC Global, Nexans, orSouthwire or variations of them, for messenger and contact wireapplications. For example, the strength to weight ratio in a hybrid wireusing 70% anneal aluminum (60 MPa strength, 2.7 g/cc density) and 30%carbon fiber composite (1.76 g/cc density, 3500 MPa strength) is over400. For better performance in wear, corrosion and contact resistance,one may consider coating a layer of copper onto the aluminum or aluminumalloys, for example, through electroplating or plasma coating or othermeans. The copper layer of sufficient thickness, if required, may alsobe added using a conforming machine described in the invention.Furthermore, both messenger wires and contact wires may be made by usingInvar steel as strength member(s) and copper or copper alloys (oraluminum and aluminum alloys or copper cladded aluminum) with theconductive media under compression or under no tension while strengthmember is under tension, to take advantage of the low thermal expansioncoefficient of Invar materials. It is also possible to insert low CTEreinforcement wires of fibers such as carbon or Invar steel wires underpre-tension condition, directly in the conductive media materials suchas copper, aluminum, or their alloys or hybrids or other similarlyconductive media, with resulting conductive materials under compressionor under no tension while the reinforcement wires or fibers are undertension. The reduced thermal expansion coefficient and higher conductormodulus, coupled with the knee point reduction, makes it easier tomanage sag variation from environmental temperature changes and/or iceor wind events. It is also attractive that low cost messenger wire andcontact wire system using aluminum and carbon composite core with lowCTE is broadly used to replace the current copper system in allelectrified trains or other railed vehicles. It should be noted that theencapsulated composite strength member might be made with mostly carbonfiber reinforcement when exposed ends are properly sealed from moistureingress. This provides maximum benefit in terms of reducing weight,increasing strength and modulus, decreasing thermal expansioncoefficient. In one characterization, the resulting conducting wire hasa strength to density ratio of at least 70 MPa/g/cc, such as at least150 MPa/g/cc, or even at least 180 MPa/g/cc. In some characterization,the strength member in the conductor has a strength of at least about2000 MPa, such as at least 3000 MPa, even at least 3600 MPa, a thermalexpansion coefficient of at most 12×10⁻⁶/C, such as at most 6×10⁻⁶/C, oreven at most 1×10⁻⁶/C.

Furthermore, with the copper under compression and is largely unaffectedby tension fatigue, the encapsulated copper contact wire and messengerwire should exhibit exceptional fatigue life as the carbon compositecore is one of the best materials in fatigue performance. Additionally,the copper encapsulated composite core conductor can be easily repaired(no possibility of core shrinkage and retraction, that might happeninside a copper gap conductor made of similar materials). Furthermore,the hardware conventionally used for copper conductors can be applied tothis invention (e.g., copper conductor with encapsulated carboncomposite strength members with suppressed knee point), reducing thesystem cost. The installation of the conductor should also be quitestraight forward, unlike a copper gap conductor using carbon composites,where grease inside the conductor might be needed and the installationis very time consuming and involves very high tension in the field. Thecopper encapsulated carbon composite core conductor solution withpre-tension treatment is ideal for high speed rail application as bothmessenger wire and contact wires whose sag are virtually immune toenvironmental temperature change, the conductor installation and repairare simple and cost effective, and the fatigue life is superior and thetension to density ratio can be 200% better than existing best options(Copper Mg alloy) to facilitate higher train speed. This solution fromthe invention should be attractive for both new build high speed rail aswell as reconductoring high speed rails. It should be noted that roundcopper or alloys can still be used with this invention where the fillfactor in the conductor might be in the 70% range, but ideally, thecopper should have packing density of approaching 100% for low energyloss as well as minimizing ice or wind load to the messenger and contactwires.

While preferred embodiments of the invention have been described usingspecific terms, such description is for present illustrative purposesonly, and it is to be understood that changes and variations to suchembodiments, including but not limited to the substitution of equivalentfeatures or parts, and the reversal of various features thereof, may bepracticed by those of ordinary skill in the art without departing fromthe spirit or scope of the following claims.

REFERENCES

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What is claimed is:
 1. A method for the manufacture of an electricalconductor, comprising the steps of: feeding a strength member ormultiple strands of strength members to a conforming unit suitable towork with conductive media, and the strength member being comprised ofsteel or is comprised of fiber-reinforced longitudinally extendingcomposite material; extruding tubes and layers or other profiles fromthe conforming unit or other extrusion and folding machines, thatsufficiently integrate onto the strength member(s) to encapsulateelectrically conductive layers around the strength member(s) and form anelectrical conductor; stranding additional layer(s) of aluminum orcopper or alloy strands around the metal encapsulated strength member(s)to form an electrical conductor with more areas of conducting materialscomprising aluminum or copper; and collecting the electrical conductoron a spool; wherein the conductors are compatible with conventionalhardware crimping processes.
 2. The conductors of claim 1, wherein theconductors are compatible with a conventional fitting with steel tubeattached from a deadend eyebolt, wherein the encapsulated strengthmember can be directly inserted into the steel or aluminum tube, just assteel core in conventional ACSR conductor, for direct crimping.
 3. Theconductors of claim 1, wherein the conductors are compatible with aconventional fitting where an inner connecting tube of aluminum or steelis used, wherein the encapsulated strength member can be directlyinserted into the inner connecting tube and then crimped.
 4. Theconductors of claim 1, wherein the conductors are compatible with aMaClean type of deadend or splice, wherein the encapsulated strengthmember or the conductor can be directly inserted, and the lockingmechanism automatically clamp onto the encapsulated strength member orconductors.
 5. The conductors of claim 1, wherein the conductors arecompatible with deadends from PLP or devices from other manufacturersand can be directly applied to the encapsulated strength member or itsconductor directly.
 6. The conductors of claim 1, wherein connectingtubes for splice and deadends can be made from steel material oraluminum alloys.